GoA
Grade of Automation
A classification describing the level of automation of train operation, ranging from manually driven trains to fully unattended train operation.
Detailed explanation
Grade of Automation (GoA) defines the extent to which train-driving and operational functions are performed automatically rather than by train staff.
Railway automation is commonly classified into four principal levels:
GoA1 – Manual Train Operation:
A driver controls the train, including acceleration and braking, while a train protection system supervises safe operation.
GoA2 – Semi-Automatic Train Operation (STO):
Train starting, acceleration, cruising and braking are normally automated. A driver remains in the cab and typically performs functions such as door control, departure authorisation and handling degraded or emergency situations.
GoA3 – Driverless Train Operation (DTO):
Normal train driving is automated and no driver is required in the cab. An onboard attendant may remain available for passenger assistance, emergencies and certain degraded-mode operations.
GoA4 – Unattended Train Operation (UTO):
Train operation is fully automated without onboard operational staff being required for normal service. Functions including train movement, stopping and other operational activities are managed automatically and/or remotely.
Higher GoA levels require increasing integration between signalling, Automatic Train Protection (ATP), Automatic Train Operation (ATO), Automatic Train Supervision (ATS), rolling stock, platform systems and operational control.
GoA classification is particularly important for metro and urban railway systems when defining operational concepts, system architecture and automation requirements.
Railway applications
mainline, high_speed, metro, light_rail, freight, depot
Standards and references
IEC 62290 series; IEC 62267